Research Question: How have autism-based policies, legislation, and government assistance evolved to reflect the growing societal acceptance of individuals diagnosed with autism?

Full MLA Bibliography Citation: Bailey, Greg. Arthur: When Carl Met George. 9 Story Entertainment, 2010.

How does this text extend/support/ contradict the theme you’re exploring from the NM course texts?	What is the function of this text in your research? Is it an example of what you are asserting, does it support your argument (provide evidence), is it an opposing viewpoint, etc.	Connect this text to at least one other text on your chart. (There will be synthesis of texts needed in the formal writeup of your topic. Connecting sources here should help with that.)
Supports the growing acceptance of autism as the character George meets with Carl, who has autism. Despite Carl’s differences, they become fast friends and George gains a new perspective on how individuals view our world. Their friendship showed many viewers that those with autism do not need to be isolated from society and provide an intriguing view of life.	This episode shows the mainstream acceptance of autism as the episode’s choice of broadcasting channel, PBS, is especially significant as it is free-to-air and family-friendly ensuring an immense wide audience.	Ian Hacking: Making up people: Identifying a character with autism (specifically mentioning “Asperger’s syndrome”) Lopping effect: Friendships made between neurotypical and neurodivergent individuals, allowing an opening of perspectives.

Full Citation: Bazelon Center. “Katie A. V. Bonta | Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law.” Www.bazelon.org, www.bazelon.org/katie-a-v-bonta/.

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Supports the growing acceptance of autism: This case also impacted children with autism, by expanding their services on home and community-based care, reducing reliance on institutionalization.	Function of the text: Illustrates shift in perception of need to mental health resources for those with behavioral issues. In the case, Katie A. v. Bonta (2006), the necessity of community-based mental health services was questioned specifically with the absence of them being a violation of the American Disabilities Act (ADA) and California’s Medicaid system. Katie who was required to have mental health services due to her condition was not able to obtain these resources. The court ruled that California must expand its mental health support systems, especially for children in the foster care system through supplying home and community-based therapeutic interventions.	Ian Hacking: Making up people: addressed by identifying symptoms typically associated with children with autism Looping Effect: expansion of mental health resources for those who are Medicaid-eligible.

Full Citation: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Jun. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Board-of-Education-of-the-Hendrick-Hudson-Central School-District-v-Rowley. Accessed 1 December 2024.

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Does not support growing acceptance of autism: the impact also applies to students with ASD as it is not required for their educational potential to be maximized with substantial resources.	Function of the text: Shows initial disregard for students with disabilities. In the court case Board of Education V. Rowley (1982), the extent of “free accessible public education” was debated due to a public school discontinuing sign language translation services for a deaf student, claiming this resource was unnecessary. The student’s parents sued, claiming that discontinuing this service does not allow the student to maximize their potential as the child only understands 60% of what happens in the class. The court ruled that only providing sufficient educational resources is required, not maximizing a student’s potential, thus not providing a sign language translator for the student.	Ian Hacking Making up people: gradually emerges through the court’s acknowledgment of disabilities that affect education. Looping Effect: created through the case ruling explores the extent of services provided to those with autism, with only minimal resources necessary to be issued.

Full Citation: Center for Healthcare Strategies. “The Olmstead Decision 25 Years Later- CHCS Blog.” Center for Health Care Strategies, 19 June 2024, www.chcs.org/the-olmstead-decision-25-years-later/. Accessed 1 Dec. 2024

How does this text extend/support/ contradict the theme you’re exploring from the NM course texts?	What is the function of this text in your research? Is it an example of what you are asserting, does it support your argument (provide evidence), is it an opposing viewpoint, etc.	Connect this text to at least one other text on your chart. (There will be synthesis of texts needed in the formal writeup of your topic. Connecting sources here should help with that.)
Support the growing acceptance of autism: This was a landmark decision for the ASD community as it meant expanding resources including community housing and assistance with daily tasks.	The function of the text is to show the shift to acceptance of autism. In Olmstead v. L.C. (1999), the segregation of individuals with disabilities by unnecessarily institutionalizing them was questioned, particularly if it violated the American Disabilities Act. Two patients were in a psychiatric hospital but when medical professionals decided they were stable and suitable for community living, the state of Georgia kept them unnecessarily, citing a lack of community housing. The patients sued the state citing the unnecessary institutionalization. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the patients citing the obligation of the state to provide community-based services including housing and not utilize unnecessary institutionalization.	Ian Hacking Making up People: Put a name and acknowledged the disabilities affected by unnecessary institutionalization Looping Effect: disabilities such as ASD interacted with societal norms, expectations, and negligence and thus resulted in expanded resources, especially for adults with autism.

Full Citation: D’Astous, Valerie, et al. “Retracing the Historical Social Care Context of Autism: A Narrative Overview.” British Journal of Social Work, vol. 46, no. 3, Dec. 2014, pp. 789–807, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu131. Accessed 16 Nov. 2024.

How does this text extend/support/ contradict the theme you’re exploring from the NM course texts?	What is the function of this text in your research? Is it an example of what you are asserting, does it support your argument (provide evidence), is it an opposing viewpoint, etc.	Connect this text to at least one other text on your chart. (There will be synthesis of texts needed in the formal writeup of your topic. Connecting sources here should help with that.)
Show the growing shift towards autism by research its real cause, instead of putting blame on parents. Autism was found to have both environmental and genetic factors therefore shifting the origin away from poor parent-child relationships	ASD was thought to be a rare condition linked to schizophrenia. Institutionalization was considered the best solution and there was a dearth of information available to families. Autism was thought to be caused by poor parent-child relationships particularly blaming the mother. Due to this line of thinking, ASD was rarely discussed within society and individuals with autism were isolated from the community. Shows the narrative shift of the causes of autism. Autism was found to have both environmental and genetic factors therefore shifting the origin away from poor parent-child relationships.	Ian Hacking “Making up people”: People did not know what autism initially was, thus the link to schizophrenia. Now we identify autism as a spectrum. Looping Effect: First puts the blame on parent-child relationships but now its causes are linked to the environment and genetics.

Full Citation: Dillenburger, Karola, et al. “Lost in Translation: Public Policies, Evidence-Based Practice, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.” International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, vol. 61, no. 2, Apr. 2014, pp. 134–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912x.2014.905059. Accessed 16 Nov. 2024.

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Shows the narrative shift for government assistance to individuals with autism and their families with the United States Combating Autism Act of 2006 and Autism-Insurance Act of 2008	Narrative shift of autism-based policies. With the lack of information supplied, fear of social ostracization, minimal requirements being established, and little governmental assistance, ASD becomes a huge financial barrier in terms of medical, therapeutic, and social services. Typical costs of a family with children are tripled with a child with autism and medical expenses are six times greater. Now we have the United States Combating Autism Act of 2006 and Autism-Insurance Act of 2008 which ensure ABA and therapeutic programs for those with ASD through government funding while also developing a committee for autism research.	D’astous Initial belief that autism was caused from poor parent-child relationships: societal embarrassment and no government assistance to individuals and their families. Current belief that autism is caused by genetic and environmental factors: Policies directed to support those with ASD like the United States Combating Autism Act of 2006 and Autism-Insurance Act of 2008.

Full Citation: Hacking, Ian. “Kinds of People: Moving Targets.” Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 151, 2007, pp. 285–318. Accessed 17 Nov. 2024.

How does this text extend/support/ contradict the theme you’re exploring from the NM course texts?	What is the function of this text in your research? Is it an example of what you are asserting, does it support your argument (provide evidence), is it an opposing viewpoint, etc.	Connect this text to at least one other text on your chart. (There will be synthesis of texts needed in the formal writeup of your topic. Connecting sources here should help with that.)
Extends the idea of the growing acceptance of autism by acknowledging the increased diagnoses of this condition. Hacking analyzes its origin, basis, and criteria for diagnosis.	This text is used as a lens for the other sources used in this research report. Hacking illustrates the concepts of “making up people”, forming new classifications, and the “looping effect” which exhibits how classifications interact with our environment. This is used to note how the classification of autism was established and how it developed.	Dillenburger Few diagnosed with autism: Little financial and social support for individuals and their families. Many diagnoses made for individuals with autism: More autism-based policies made and assistance available.

Full Citation: Heffernan, Daniel T. S. “Endrew F. V. Douglas County and Its Impact on Special Education Law.” Boston Bar Association, 26 Oct. 2017,
bostonbar.org/journal/endrew-f-v-douglas-county-and-its-impact-on-special-education-la w/.

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Agrees with the theme of the growing acceptance of autism. This case led to greater access to support services and educational opportunities for students with autism while increasing school accountability.	Supports the growing acceptance of autism. In the case, Endrew F. vs. Douglas County School District (2017), the level of education benefit given to a student with disabilities was questioned and discussed. Endrew, a student with autism was under an individualized education program (IEP) in public school. His parents were unsatisfied with his IEP and transferred him to a private school specializing in autism support. Endrew made substantial progress and his parents sued the public school’s school district, seeking reimbursement for the private school tuition as the public school failed to meet his needs. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Endrew and his family saying that the IEP should be designed to make meaningful progress, tailored to the student’s unique needs, instead of making a minimal effort.	Ian Hacking Making up People: autism is defined and addressed Looping Effect: implemented with the inception of substantial personalized educational support systems for students with ASD.

Full Citation: Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. 1937. Penguin Books, 1937.

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Does not show the acceptance of autism. Due to the lack of understanding of his the character, Lennie’s condition, the town wanted revenge for an accidental murder he did, thus making mercy killing the best option for Lennie.	Shows the initial perceptions around autism. In the novella Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, we are introduced to a character named Lennie who is described as having an intellectual disability. Many of his actions are without malicious intent but have harmful consequences. At the climax of the novel, Lennie accidentally kills a woman when trying to pet her soft hair. Although he just meant to touch something soft, his lack of motor control stemming from his intellectual disability ultimately leads to the woman’s demise. Due to the lack of understanding of his condition, the town wanted revenge for the murder, thus making mercy killing the best option for Lennie.	Ian Hacking Making up people: The lack of outrightly saying a specific intellectual disability, like autism, Hacking’s concepts of “making up people” and forming new classifications are not present. Looping Effect: There is no looping effect where intellectual disability is considered in light of the judicial system so Lennie is not judged fairly.